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India, the most populous country in the world with about 17% of the world’s population and over 70% of South Asia’s population and is now one of the youngest population of the world. Share of working-age population (between 15 – 64years) exceeded the same for combined share of children and elderly population since 2018 and is likely to continue till 2055. Favourable demographic dividend of India is expected to peak around 2041, with 59% share of the working-age population. Mid-bulging shape of age-structure implying increasing size of India’s workforce in association with its endeavor to reform labour market by following illustrative measures may put the country in a competitive advantageous position against many developed countries. The paper described issues relating to the measurement of demographic dividend and also relationship between age- structure and economic growth. The relationship between change in age-structure and economic growth using time series data or panel data are rather complicated. Estimation of demographic window period, the first demographic dividend and the second demographic dividend pose several methodological challenges since influence of demographic change on economic growth, and other macro-economic features are depended on policies and institutions respond to the challenges and opportunities the future. Comparison of approaches to measure year-wise demographic dividend needs further investigations to conclude.

Keywords: Demographic dividend, Economic growth, Age-structure, Support ratio, National Transfer Accounts, Life cycle wealth.

Bangladesh, a fast-growing emerging state has been meeting fast progress in export-driven industrialization. There is a speedy growth in industrial mainly in the clothing productions because of overseas direct financing in the previous few decades. The Ready-made Garment (RMG) sector is the mainstay of the economy of Bangladesh. The total contribution of earning foreign exchange from the garment industries is around 83%. The key purpose of the research is to gain an in-depth understanding the birth and casualty of the export-led readymade garment sector in Bangladesh. After the Rana Plaza tragedy overall situation of RMG sector has totally been changed. Before the tragedy the trade union numbers were few but after that it has increased a lot in numbers. The researchers used secondary data and analyzed related articles, books, newspapers and various databases to fulfill its objectives. RMG sector is a cornerstone of the economy of Bangladesh but they have drawbacks like casualty of the workers. So, the researchers investigated the origin and tragic casualties in the RMG sector in Bangladesh.

Keywords: Bangladesh, RMG sector, Origin and Casualty

The paper examines relationship between the various development and welfare schemes and the SDGs at the village level in India. The objective of the paper is to enlist of the schemes functional at the village level that directly benefit the village households and measure the extent of benefits from different schemes by households categorized on the basis of income, social groups, occupation and land ownerships. The coverage of beneficiaries and financial assistance received by the villagers helps us to see a composite picture of the SDG implementation in the village linking it with policy impact. It further analyses whether the beneficiaries have utilized the resources distributed under the welfare schemes for its targeted purpose. The research was conducted in Emped village of India by collecting information from all 287 households in year 2017. Although more than 50 schemes were implemented in the state, the study covered only 29 schemes which had at least one beneficiary household in the village. Majority of the households benefited from schemes like the Public Distribution System, direct benefit transfer to farmers, employment guarantee and mid-day-meal scheme. But a very few were benefited from the large ticket schemes like housing scheme. Schemes addressed to women like the assistance to pregnant women were effective. Most of the assistance received from agricultural development schemes are spent on intended purpose, whereas others were spent on consumption purpose. Though these schemes were helpful in addressing the needs of the poor and the needy, there was delay in fund reimbursement, leakages, and exclusion errors. The relationship between monetary benefits received and income of households is best represented by a ‘inverted U shape’ curve indicating that most of the benefits from welfare programmes were received by the high and middle-income category excluding the poorest section.

Keywords: SDGs; welfare schemes; development schemes; local economy; impact

The major objective of this paper is to give a picture of the plight of children of female sex workers in Karnataka state, south India. The children of female sex workers are in a very risky situation today and their current condition is a big question for society. Children of female sex workers are a weak agency, may go against social cohesion, are deprived of their child rights, and have more chances of becoming a part of the sex industry in the future. This study has been conducted in selected districts of Karnataka using a mixed-methods technique with the help of certain local NGOs. It has been found that Children of female sex workers are at a ‘high rate of risk’ and are maltreated in different ways. They are suffering from social exclusion, anxiety and depression, deprivation, rejected-felt needs, dissatisfaction, unfulfilled wants, poor aspirations, abandonment, etc. It is concluded that it is tremendously imperative to strengthen the availability and accessibility of obligatory and compulsory services for these children and the need for geographical and cultural-specific rehabilitation programmes on an urgent basis. Moreover, along with HIV prevention, the National Aids Control Organisation must also focus on these children.

Keywords: Sex workers, Women, HIV, Children, Violence, Policy

The role of opposition in a multi-party system is very crucial, and it is essential for the successful functioning of democratic practice. Parliamentary government is essentially a government by discussion and compromise, and it implies not only a parliamentary majority but also a parliamentary minority. Parliamentary democracy needs an opposition most of it is to function effectively and successfully Effective opposition is very necessary for the right functioning of a parliamentary democracy. It is not the business of the opposition to obstruct the government. Its purpose is not criticizing not to hinder. It is the duty of the opposition to protect democratic values and ethos. A divided and weak opposition is also more dangerous than a muscular ruling party. A large but fragmented opposition lacking unity of purpose and policy initiative may be less successful than a small opposition with the necessary leadership and policy initiative. In order to challenge the government’s arbitrary actions, the opposition needs to be able to present a united front, be knowledgeable and competent, and be prepared to take the initiative. Parliamentary democracy will be weakened by the lack of an opposition leader since the opposition won’t be able to present a united front against the ruling party.

Keywords: Democracy, Opposition, Shadow Cabinet,NDA,INDIA Front,UPA

The present paper tries to bring out the socio-cultural and economic importance of local brew among the Chakpa Andro community of Manipur. Andro is one of the largest Scheduled caste communities in the state, mainly practicing agriculture beside brewing of traditional beer, hard distilled liquor, piggery, poultry, etc. The traditional brew, locally termed as Yu, had been the part and parcel of their traditional life. The study reflects the distinct brewing practice found among them with special reference to the social, economic, religious and ceremonial significance. It also discussed the changing patterns of material uses in brewing with the influence of technological advancement. Through participant observation, semi-structured interview, an anthropological discourse has been made to understand the significance of this particular practice in building social cohesion and inter-community solidarity. Further, the research also delves into the power dynamics and commodification aspects of this socially sanctioned practice.

Keywords: Andro, ceremonial, material culture, solidarity, tradition, Yu.

Background: The aging population is increasing worldwide, but the abuse of the elderly often unrecognized and hidden, a form of domestic violence, has also been growing, with significant public health and societal implications. The empirical literature is scant on the extent and impact of violence on their lives. Studies have shown that abuse against older adults is highly underestimated. Objective: To identify the most prevalent forms of abuse of the older adults, the abusers as well as to examine the social context in which abuse occurs with the help of theoretical approaches. Methodology: Through the quantitative and qualitative techniques, descriptive and explanatory research, a cross-sectional survey of 100 elderly people residing in the city of Calcutta is undertaken to analyze the problem where gender, age and living arrangement is looked upon as the major risk factors. Results: The findings revealed that a major section of the elderly have suffered some form of abuse, these being especially of the emotional kind, that of neglect, disrespect, verbal abuse, violation of rights followed by loss of dignity, choice and feelings of insecurity. The most common perpetrators of abuse are found to be the primary caregivers, the immediate family members. The determinants of abuse were the marital status, living arrangements economic condition, educational level, relationship with the family, increased dependency and social isolation. Conclusion: Most of the cases being underreported, it was found that identifying abuse in the case of elderly people is challenging. The evidence therefore invites to reflect on the development of intervention strategies in order to identify and combat the problem of abuse and assist the policy planners to help this particular segment of people to lead a life with dignity.

Keywords: Aging, Abuse, Elderly, Risk, Violence

Democracy has been the world’s predominant form of government in the last five decades, and there has been significant global progress on some of its key elements. However, conducting credible and transparent elections remains an immense challenge in many African countries. For instance, Nigeria’s troubled elections are a constant reminder of the country’s enduring “do or die” politics, poor electoral management, and endemic impunity. Such hurdles equally thwart attempts to establish democratic standards. This article stresses the necessity for effective legal frameworks that integrate every component of electoral reform in accordance with best practices. It recommends an empirical application of the hybrid of both participatory democracy and deliberative democracy, through informed, active, and engaged citizenry.

Keywords: democracy, electoral reforms, post-election review, advocacy strategies, engaged citizenry

Research in addiction field is very significant nowadays due to its dynamicity and exposure. The current study on drug abuse and addiction has been done in the region of Darjeeling district, West Bengal. The study mainly focused on the section of youth of the area as the category is more affected with the behaviour. The work has been done comparatively with the existing scholarship and the data that has been collected from the field empirically. Objectives of the study based on the factors that were treated as vital issues in guiding youth towards drug abuse and addiction in existing research. An attempt has been made to assess the applicability of those factors in the lives of the respondents of the study and also, focused to analyze the factors minutely and their contribution in the behaviour of drug abuse and addiction from socio-economic perspective. The paper is based on the phenomenological experiences of the respondents that are detailed through thick description technique of ethnomethodology. The findings of the present study show a difference with the existing academic research on drug addiction.

Keywords: Addiction, Drug, Religion, Religiosity, Socialization,

This article discusses the ways in which the feminist movement uses humour to punch up and ‘talk back’. Using lurking, cyber ethnography and purposive sampling we focus on four websites that are specific to India. The article traces the ways in which media has been used by feminists to humorously ‘play around with institutionalised meanings’ (Zijdervald, 1983) and to ‘talk back” (Hooks, 1989). Humour and satire have always been a part of the feminist movement. As early as 1851 Sojourner Truth used satire in her well-known speech ‘Ain’t I a Woman?’ and Koedt’s (1968) tongue in cheek ‘The Myth of the Vaginal Orgasm and Cixous’ (Cixous et.al, 1976).

‘The Laugh of the Medusa’. Humour and satire are seen in all versions of feminism, whether online or offline or symbiotic mixed versions of the two. Online feminist humour is seen in a variety of ways including memes, articles, videos, photos, campaigns etc. Feminists through the process of mediation (Silverstone, 2002) interpret gendered stereotypes, sexist jokes, patriarchal norms in their own ways to punch up and to highlight the cis hetero patriarchal hegemonic structures.

Keywords: Humour, satire, feminism, media, online and offline protests.