In recent years, the global economy has shifted towards less globalization, characterized by declining international trade, protectionist policies, and geopolitical tensions. This decline reflects that economies become less integrated with the rest of the world economies. The present study explores the factors driving de-globalization, analyzes the opportunities and challenges for the Indian economy, and discusses policy implications. Study concluded that globalization has pushed India’s economic growth through global trade and investment, while de-globalization emphasizes self-reliance and safeguarding domestic industries but limiting global integration. By using information from various sources this study highlights that how India can leverage reduced globalization to strengthen its economy and achieve viable development. To navigate the complexities of de-globalization a balanced approach requires at both global and local level.

Keywords: De-globalization, Globalization, Indian Economy, opportunities and challenges.

The study measures inequality in income distribution among the rural households between two types of villages varying under agronomic features. Following multi-stage sampling technique 250 sample households of varying operational holdings are studied from Satyabadi Block of Puri District, Odisha. Gini coefficient is used to measure income inequality among the households across the selected villages. Lerman and Yitzhaki decomposition model is used to find the source-wise contribution to total inequality in the sampled villages. The findings reveal inequality in income distribution among the households in both types of villages – the better off villages showing higher inequality than poorer ones. Among the sources agriculture is found predominantly contributing to inequality while wages and livestock activities are found inequality reducing. The study suggests for promoting livestock and small-scale manufacturing activities to reduce income inequality. Since the study area is calamity prone and the small holders are found more affected by such calamities social safety net needs to be provided to these people as it has the potential in reducing income inequality.

Keywords: homogeneity, natural calamities, gini coefficient, non-farm sector, transformation.
JBL Code: D63

A commodity market deals in primary products, unlike markets trading in manufactured goods. Soft commodities include agricultural products like wheat, coffee, cocoa, and sugar, while hard commodities involve mined resources such as gold, rubber, and oil. These markets engage in both physical and derivatives trading, using spot prices, forwards, futures, and options on futures. While oil is often blamed for market volatility, other commodities like corn and gold also impact daily stock prices, though empirical evidence, particularly in non-Western markets, is limited. This paper examines the impact of changes in commodity prices—specifically gold, crude oil, and the Indian rupee—on the commodity index and analyzes their connection to the broader Indian economy. The study finds minimal impact of gold, crude oil, and the Indian rupee on the commodity market index, despite oil’s reputation for volatility. The Johansen Co-Integration Rank Test supports these findings.

Keywords: ADF, ASM, Commodity, Probability, Eigenvalue.

As a typical form of the underground economic phenomenon, the development of the informal market not only affects the efficiency of social resource allocation but, in many cases, may erode the overall system of the national economy. The analysis of the formation path and mechanism of the underground economy represented by the informal market is of great significance for the sustainable development of the social economy. It investigates and analyzes the formation path and mechanism of the informal bicycle market in a city in Southern China. Data was collected through unobtrusive observation and in-depth interviews. It follows a grounded theory data analysis procedure based on multiple data sources, such as participant observations, interviews, prior literature, and news reports. The model illustrates how the informal bicycle market is formatted and the mechanisms to maintain its operations.

Keywords: economic anthropology; informal market; path model; underground economy