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India’s Northeast is geo-strategically assessed to link the East and South East Asia through cross border trade. Crucially the world economy hinges around trade and commerce asking countries to strategise their economy with competitive bids. The unique geographical strength that the Northeast possesses is an addendum to utilise its scope of marketing in the international borders and beyond. Arunachal Pradesh, being the most north-eastern, and strategically sharing its border to China, Bhutan and Myanmar has proved its potential as a hub to ‘Look East Policy’. The state has stood reciprocal to globalisation and neo-liberal market trends. The state’s horticulture and plantation produce, medicinal and aromatic plants, ethnic textiles, handicrafts, and cuisines are its proudest commercial assets gaining currency from local to global standards. It is no denying of the fact that Arunachal Pradesh can be a potential geo-economic corridor to the East for which it should come up with special economic zones as well as industrial corridors with its potentialities in 5H (hydro, herbal, horticulture, handicraft and handloom) and the 3T (tradition, tourism and technology) for a sustainable international trade. It is on this background that the present paper has come up.

Keywords: Arunachal Pradesh, Potential Connect, Southeast Asia, Geo-economic Corridor, Cross-border Trade

The present research paper is based on the archaeological excavations carried out at the Chalcolithic, Iron Age and Early Historic settlement site of Durgadevi, located in the northern part of Odisha in Remuna Tehsil of Balasore District. The two sessions horizontal excavation(2020-21 and 2021-22) revealed interesting archaeological evidences like fortification, irrigation system, domesticated rice, stone and brick structures, pottery of divergent wares and antiquities. The site has been dated by absolute methods by BETA Research Laboratory, USA which provides an absolute date of 1350 BCE for the Chalcolithic period and 800 BCE for Iron Age/Early Historic period. An overview of the excavation result is discussed here.

In this study we tried to reveal the origins of the Gothic pointed arch, how it is transferred from Middle East and developed in Europe. There were two aspects to examine which was of climax importance: the structural and the geometric progression of the pointed arch building techniques. Pointed arch was a symbol of Gothic architecture through ages. This research also aims to demonstrate how Gothic builders modified pointed arch to achieve aesthetic goals with the help of proportion. We wanted to unearth an architectural element’s transformation from a vernacular datum to a religious cult.Pointed arch were used long before Gothic building era that its roots may be traced in Eastern civilizations. These civilizations date back to thousands of years from Seljuk to HittiteEmpires. Knowledge of architecture were transferred through wars and migrations which are executed for centuries. That phenomenon was also the same with the pointed arch element. Several soldiers who were recruited as carpenters or masonry craftsmanship in the Crusades, observed the superiority of the pointed arch in Asia Minor and Mesopotamia hinterland’s architecture and when they return to their homeland, they used the main feature of Gothic architecture: the pointed arch. Pointed arch became an important architectural element since Gothic builders wanted to erect the cathedrals higher and lighter. The first pointed arch built for erecting tall buildings were carried out by Seljuk Empire architects. Furthermore, weanalysed the adaptation of the pointed arch to Gothic architectureand its development concerning the geometry and structural issues.

Keywords: Pointed Arch, Gothic Building, Proportion

The present paper is an attempt to study that how agrarian economy develops and attracts different religious, caste and commercial fraternities to settle down in agriculturally fertile zones thereby causing continuous growth of population in the region. The study further investigates the comparative growth of cultivation and population in the neighbouring regions to understand the pace of expansion of agrarian fields along with its population. The differences in the rate of growth of agriculture and demographic pressure in adjacent political units have given rise to the issues of state attitude and policies towards agriculture during the precolonial and colonial times. Thus to understand such issues, paper has tried to assess the extent of cultivation, various religious and caste settlements and population growth in Banaras zamindari from Mughal to colonial times with the help of revenue statistics provided by Ain-i-Akbari, Chahar Gulshan, Duncan papers, Agrarian Statistics of British India, 1895-96, Anthropological works, Settlement reports, District Gazetteers and relevant secondary data.

Keywords: Agriculture, Arazi, Caste, Population, Zamindar

Horizontal and vertical excavation of archaeological site Narkhed, has given enormous amount of rich findings like brick structures, pottery and extremely rich extra ordinary kind of antiquities. For example unbaked brick construction for grain storage (underground - pave), pot shreds included red ware and black ware, copper coins, fish bones and animal bones were recovered from the excavation. Enormous amount of art and craft objects like shell beads, bangles, varieties of beads of terracotta and semi-precious stone, beautiful Ivory and bone figurines were found. This archaeological site was dated between 3rd Century BCE to 3rd CE based on the archaeological evidences.This paper will explore the historical and contemporary perspective of art, craft and subsistence activities in and around archaeological site Narkhed.

Keywords: Historical, Contemporary, Art, Craft, subsistence activities, Narkhed, Solapur district and Maharashtra.

The Battle of Plassey 1757 marks the beginning of British colonisation in India bringing into sharp focus the activities of the English East India Company in its formative years. P.J Marshall’s paradigm, extremely popular in Indian Universities, is that Plassey was merely the result of a Court intrigue at Murshidabad, having nothing to do with the booming of the intra Asian opium trade, or the political developments in Gujrat and the Carnatic in the eighteenth century. On the other hand Marxists scholars who acknowledge that the British Empire and opium marched together after 1757, do not question if Child’s War of 1689 and Plassey, were examples of ‘the bloody birth of capitalism’ when the English East India Company’s efforts, spanning over 70 years, fructified, achieving monopoly in the Bengal opium trade, The article hopes to reconcile the two major strands of historiography, to achieve a less dogmatic master narrative on Plassey.

Keywords: Intra Asian Global Opium Trade, Battle of Plassey, Bengal, Eighteenth Century India, English East India Company

In the twenty-first century, in the age of the new world gradually increasing how globalization, administration, law, judiciary system, culture, identity, citizenship, and rights present new challenges. This paper aims to provide the public with a brief introduction of an archaeological administration of the ancient era in India to modern India/New India. Since archaeological administration is closely connected to “Archaeology” as an academic discipline. This research highlights how archaeology and archaeologists can contribute to archaeological administration. The scholar approaches this theme from a viewpoint of an archaeologist working in a government. In large-scale developments contribute to how the accumulation of archaeological information as sources of academic/administrative archaeological studies, including some eye-opening discoveries. Here, I tried to reiterate Administration Archaeology: its evolution from ancient India to modern India and its present relevance with some relevant examples i.e. Mahasthan Brahmi Inscription (1931), Kauṭilya’s Arthaśāstra, Terracotta sealing, Gupta period, c.350-450 CE, discovered at Nalanda historically and academically & administratively.

Greek historian Thucydides (460-395BC) became the first academic to understand international relations. It is a highly interdisciplinary area to include i.e. Technology, Economics, History, Geography, Sociology, Criminology, Diplomacy, International Security, Finance, Human Rights, and more [1]. In the Indian context, the Asokan Mauryan administration with special references to Asokan edicts & Kauṭilya’s Arthaśāstra is an increasing need for good governments to respond to complex international legal frameworks to manage inter-state relationships between countries. And try to understand International Relations and International Law and how their interaction impacts international politics.

Keywords: Administration, Law, Cultural Properties, Archaeology, Evolution Ancient, Modern, relevance

The present paper attempts to analyses folk theatre techniques of performance as a strong way of communication ofthe folk culture and life with special reference toPandvani. Pandvani, which is a monodrama, is popular in Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh and deals with tribal life and culture since ancient times. Theatrical devices, techniques including dialogue and the entire spectacle focus on effective communication in which the thematic content is tribal culture and life. Folk Theatre is a composite art form in India with a fusion of elements from music, dance, pantomime, versification, epic and ballad recitation, graphic and plastic arts, religion, and festival peasantry. The Folk theatre has roots in native culture and is embedded in local identity and social values. Besides providing mass entertainment, it helps Indian society as indigenous tool of interpersonal, inter-group and inter-village communication for ages. When we watch folk performances, we acquire a familiarity with Folk Media, the particular people, and their culture.For instance, when we watch Pandvani, the folk theatre ofMadhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, we come to know more about the tribal heroism, the Gond tribes, and their optimistic approach to life. Folk theatre, like all other folk media, is highly spontaneous and participative. It is the traditional theatre — the dance-drama, the operatic ballads and folk plays which continue to entertain audiences of seven hundred thousand villages of India.

Keywords: Folk Theatre techniques, Communication, Folk Culture, Folk Life.

Odisha is well-known for its diverse culture and social system. Celebration of religious fairs, festivals, rites and rituals signify their rich socio-economic and religious life. Gudi-khaee is an ongoing popular seasonal folk ritual celebrated by the rural people of western Odisha especially in the Bargarh district. They worship their tutelary deity i.e. Mangala maa (an incarnation of Parvati) and use various types of offering such as; wild fruits, leaves and roots which, they collect from the forest. The ritual practice provides ideas regarding their age-old subsistence patterns, dietary system and economic life. It symbolizes the nature worship phenomenon along with the long and continuous human-environment interrelation.

To identify the primitive stage of subsistence patterns and man-environment relation in addition to the allied folk ritual and practices, detailed ethnographic documentation has been carried out amongst the rural inhabitant of Bargarh district especially at Banjari village in the year 2022. The current research topic is a case study of the food culture, economy and symbolic meaning associated with the seasonally collected various wild-edible forest products. Gudi-khaee is a well-known folk ritual observed in the Odia month of Phalguna (March-April). It provides information regarding the symbolic connotations of nature worship and folk belief system of Bargarh District. The similar form of ongoing folk practices gives ample scope to draw analogies primarily to understand the early stages of subsistence pattern, the relationship between human and nature as well as the primitive gathering activities of human society.

Keywords: Gathering, Odisha, Ritual, Gudi-Khaee, Subsistence-pattern

Bihar Was the Rich State In Art Remains And Religions Harmony. West Camparan District Situated Between 26081*N And 84051*E. West Champaran Was A Religious for Vaishnava, Shaiva, Shkta, Budhism And Saur Communities. Present Paper is Based on Vishnu Sclupture of Valmiki Nagar Area of West Champaran District.

Among the five sects of the Brahmanical religion, the worshippers of Vishnu belonging to the Vaishnav sect have a special significance. Within the Brahmin idols, Vishnu holds an important place, who has been worshipped with reverence and devotion since the Vedic age till today. Vishnu is one of the major deities among the Vedic gods and goddesses. Within the Puranic concept of tridevas,Vishnu is the preserver of the world but the Bhagvad and Vaishnav sect has distinguished Vishnu as the supreme deity. In fact, the imagery of Vishnu has been the culmination of the combined worship of Vasudeva-Krishna, the Vedic solar deity Vishnu and the Narayana of the Brahmin scriptures. The preservation and the creation of Puranas by the Gupta rulers, who were followers of the Bhagvat cult, resulted in a great increase in Vishnu's reputation and his various forms developed.This is evident from the narrative of Brahma being born from the lotus emerging from the naval of Vishnu who is sleeping on Sheshnag. In the Puranas, Vishnu is said to be the cause of the creation, preservation and destruction of the world.