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Journal of History, Archaeology and Architecture

Journal of History, Archaeology and Architecture

Frequency :Bi-Annual

ISSN :2583-5106

Peer Reviewed Journal

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Table of Content :-Journal of History, Archaeology and Architecture, Vol:2, Issue:2, Year:2023

Tracing the Ancient Trade route from Rājagṛiha to Tāmraliptī during the period of 3rd Century BCE to 6th Century CE

By :-Kasun S. Jayasuriya
Journal of History, Archaeology and Architecture, Year:2023, Vol.2 (2), PP.121-138
Received:29 May 2023 | Revised:22 June 2023 | Accepted :11 July 2023 | Publication:30 November 2023

India shows a clear cultural revolution in the 6th century BCE in the form of Archaeology and History.This began in the Middle Ganga area but expanded over the Indian subcontinent within a few decades.Buddhism had a significant role in this cultural revolution, which affected India in many areas, including politics, economy, culture, and religion. Trade is also a part of the economy. “Uttarapatha” and “Dakshinapatha” were the most popular commerce routes during this time period. Most academics researched Uttarapatha and Dakshinapatha, but no research was done on the Rājagṛiha to Tāmraliptī trade route, which was the primary city of Buddhism and to the principal trading port in east India. this route was the historical marine and land trading routes along India’s east coast. It is proven by the chronicles, jātakas, and archaeological findings which detail the inter-relationship had with Buddhist monasteries and commerce guilds (Shreni). This trade route was more accurate in international trade as well as cultural exchanges during and as well as after the period of king Ashoka (3rd century BCE). And it continued until the end of the Pala period. This paper tries to trace this trade route which was knowingly or unknowingly hidden on the east coast of India.

Keyword: Archaeological findings, Buddhist Monasteries, Rājagṛiha, Tāmraliptī, Trade Exchanges

Jayasuriya, K.S. (2023). Tracing the Ancient Trade route from Rājagṛiha to Tāmraliptī during the period of 3rd Century BCE to 6th Century CE. Journal of History, Archaeology and Architecture, 2: 2, pp. 121-138.

Heritagization of Religious Festivals and (Re) Invention of Buddhist Heritage in Modern Sri Lanka

By :-M. K. Amila Indika
Journal of History, Archaeology and Architecture, Year:2023, Vol.2 (2), PP.139-145
Received:10 July 2023 | Revised:09 August 2023 | Accepted :16 August 2023 | Publication:30 November 2023

Heritagization is the important process of creating, inventing or reinventing of heritage that is intertwined with internal and external socio-cultural, economic and political factors of the relevant community. This concept has been under explored as a process in heritage literature of Sri Lanka and beyond, in the South Asian context. The aim of this research is to understand ideological setting caused to the heritagization of newly emerged set of Buddhist festivals in 21st century CE of Sri Lanka with special reference to the Kan˜cuka Pūjā festival. In depth interviews, field observations and netnography were applied as methods for the data collection of the study. The researcher used content analysis within a qualitative approach in order to conduct the data analysis. The Buddhist festivalization process is associated with re-interpretation, invention and reinvention of heritage which is geared by the intention of glorifying heritage within the contested ground of ethno-religious identities.

Keywords: Heritage studies, Buddhist festivals, Heritagization, Festivalization, Event studies

Indika, M.K.A. (2023). Heritagization of Religious Festivals and (Re) invention of Buddhist Heritage in Modern Sri Lanka. Journal of History, Archaeology and Architecture, 2: 2, pp. 139-145.

The Origins and Evolution of Sri Lankan Historiography

By :-Kaudagammana Rathanasa
Journal of History, Archaeology and Architecture, Year:2023, Vol.2 (2), PP.147-158
Received:19 July 2023 | Revised:29 August 2023 | Accepted :11 September 2023 | Publication:30 November 2023

This study investigates the origins and evolution of Sri Lankan historiography, with a research problem that focuses on identifying the key factors that contributed to its development and understanding how those factors influenced the evolution of this tradition. The research methodology used a qualitative approach and a systematic literature review of historical documents, including the Tripitaka, its commentaries, the Mahāvaṃsa, and other relevant sources. Content analysis was used to identify patterns, themes, and trends in the evolution of Sri Lankan historiography. The findings suggest that Buddhist monks played a vital role in compiling historical information from the Tripitaka and Aṭṭhakathā, introducing Buddhism and related history to Sri Lanka. Over time, this information was gradually abstracted from the Tripitaka commentaries and developed into a different tradition. This study contributes to the scholarship of Sri Lankan history by providing a comprehensive understanding of its origins and evolution, identifying critical historical accounts and their evolution. Furthermore, this research serves as a basis for further exploration into the role of Buddhism in shaping Sri Lanka’s historical tradition.

Keywords: Buddhism, Historiography, Mahāvaṃsa, Oral tradition, Sri Lanka

Rathanasa, K. (2023). The Origins and Evolution of Sri Lankan Historiography. Journal of History, Archaeology and Architecture, 2: 2, pp. 147-158.

Megalithic Monuments of Zeme Naga in Peren District, Nagaland

By :-Keyilam Lungalang
Journal of History, Archaeology and Architecture, Year:2023, Vol.2 (2), PP.159-172
Received:20 July 2023 | Revised:30 August 2023 | Accepted :26 September 2023 | Publication:30 November 2023

The present paper is an outcome of an ethnographic study conducted in the two Zeme villages old poilwa and old perenunder Peren district, which is located in the southern part of Nagaland. The study was undertaken to examine the typology of various stone monuments and their archaeological relevance, associated meanings, functions of the stone monuments and to examine the socio-economic formation of the Zeme pre-colonial society and to understand the location pattern of the stone monuments. The erection of Zeme monuments is associated with feast andvarious stages of feast held and the monuments erected are a result of competitive feasting activities and surplus economy of the community. However, there are indicative of recursive relations of mutual aid and solidarity among families, clan and khels being highly practiced among the Zemes. It is interesting to find out that almost all the megaliths are being erected in prominent places around the village vicinity or on their way to the field where it is widely visible by the passerby. The tradition of erecting monuments and the practice of megalithic culture has been an important tradition among the Zemes in the past and is still in practice albeit in smaller scale and in Christianized ways.

Lungalang, K. (2023). Megalithic Monuments of Zeme Naga in peren District, Nagaland. Journal of History, Archaeology and Architecture, 2: 2, pp. 159-172.

Origin and Authorship of Megalithic Culture in India

By :-Vinay Kumar and Ravindra Kumar
Journal of History, Archaeology and Architecture, Year:2023, Vol.2 (2), PP.173-180
Received:30 July 2023 | Revised:22 September 2023 | Accepted :11 October 2023 | Publication:30 November 2023

Etymologically speaking the word ‘megalith’ is derived from two Greek words megalithos meaning huge and lithoi meaning stone; hence, it denotes a huge stone. The term ‘megalith’ may be explained as ‘a grave or memorial erected in stone, whether dressed or in its natural form containing, enclosing or erected over the funerary assemblage’. Thus, it appears that the megaliths are essentially connected with some lithic appendages. But this impression is not correct as the Megalithic monuments are not always in stone. Due to the commonness observable in their funerary assemblage, concept and construction methods, graves without lithic appendages can also be included in this category.
Date of origin of this megalithic tradition, however, is problematic. Some believe that this tradition was spread to this region from the west. Gordon Childe thinks that the early centres of Megalithic architecture were situated near the Mediterranean, the Atlantic and the North Sea. According to him, it was from this region that the dolmen and the port-hole slab reached the Indian peninsula. The megaliths in India, according to Gordon Childe, are not likely to be affected by land borne impulses from Iran but were rather exposed to maritime influences.Rao places the origin of this culture somewhere in the east of the Mediterranean Sea.

Kumar, V. & Kumar, R. (2023). Origin and Authorship of Megalithic Culture in India. Journal of History, Archaeology and Architecture, 2: 2, pp. 173-180.

Archaeological Findings and Socio- Economic Changes in Samba District (J&K): A Probe

By :-Arjun Singh
Journal of History, Archaeology and Architecture, Year:2023, Vol.2 (2), PP.181-188
Received:30 July 2023 | Revised:22 September 2023 | Accepted :11 October 2023 | Publication:30 November 2023

This paper seeks to understand the explored and excavated archaeological sites of Samba district. There are no written texts for the study of society and economy in pre-historic period and archaeologically it is very difficult to define the society of primitive man in Jammu region. In sharp contrast to the wealth of archaeological data for the period from pre-historic to early medieval period has yielded only handful of excavated and explored materials. With the help of these archaeological findings we have tried to define and analyses the socio-economic changes through the ages. The commencement of Archaeology in Samba acquainted the world of its rich heritage and culture of it. Samba was a cradle of culture in ancient period. The exploration of the Samba district started in 20th century and during their exploration, many Archaeological sites have been reported which attracted the archaeologist. From 20th century onwards, Archaeological Survey of India became active in Jammu and Kashmir and explored and excavated many sites of different cultures in the district of the regions.

Keyword: Sutah, Mananu, Dayala chak, Pltha, Samba.

Kumar, V. & Kumar, R. (2023). Origin and Authorship of Megalithic Culture in India. Journal of History, Archaeology and Architecture, 2: 2, pp. 181-188.

The Devaraja Cult of Kampuchea: A Different type of Tantric Shaiva Cult

By :-Abhay Kumar
Journal of History, Archaeology and Architecture, Year:2023, Vol.2 (2), PP.189-196
Received:04 September 2023 | Revised:26 September 2023 | Accepted :19 October 2023 | Publication:30 November 2023

Devaraja, in ancient Cambodia, the cult of the “god-king” established early in the 9th century ad by Jayivarman II, founder of the Khmer empire of Angkor. For centuries, the cult provided the religious basis of the royal authority of the Khmer kings. The devarāja cult grew out of both Hindu and indigenous traditions. Devarāja is the Hindu-Buddhist cult of deified royalty in Southeast Asia. It could be simply described as Southeast Asian concept of divine king. The concept viewed the monarch to possess transcendental quality, the king as the living god on earth, the incarnation of the supreme god, often attributed to Shiva or Vishnu. The concept is closely related to Indian concept of Chakravartin (universal monarch). In politics, it is viewed as the divine justification of a king’s rule. The concepts was institutionalized and gain its elaborate manifestations in ancient Java and Cambodia, where monuments such as Prambanan and Angkor Wat were erected to celebrate the king’s divine rule on earth.

Kumar, A. (2023). The Devaraja Cult of Kampuchea: A Different type of Tantric Shaiva Cult. Journal of History, Archaeology and Architecture, 2: 2, pp. 189-196.

History of Devadasi in Odisha: Special Reference to Sacred Prostitution

By :-Ramakanta Bhuyan and Snehalata Pradhan
Journal of History, Archaeology and Architecture, Year:2023, Vol.2 (2), PP.197-205
Received:24 September 2023 | Revised:22 October 2023 | Accepted :30 October 2023 | Publication:30 November 2023

The devadasi system is one of the most interesting history of India. They are taking special positions in the history of India as well as Odisha. Devadasi is unique and unusual among Indian women, who were actually known as the temple women. It has very fascinating and as well very controversy. The history of devadasi was very much early probably since the development of civilization in the world. The devadasis are generally associated with socio-cultural and socio-religious aspects of men. The literary means of ‘Devadasi’ is female slave of the deity. They are associated various works of the temples as well as the works of palaces of the country. Although they are recruited for the temple service, they are also assigns various duties in the social, cultural and religious activities of country. Besides the temple service they are also engaged as sex worker some time, in the temple known as sacred prostitution, in the palaces as courtesan. In this paper we will tried to highlight the historical development of Devadasi system in Odisha and focusing on the sacred prostitution. The sacred prostitution was highly contributed the Indian history in different period of time. The prostitution which is at present called an unethical, it is very common since the very beginning of civilization. This devadasi system was also prevalent in Odisha, it also reflects with various evidences through which we can easily know the condition in ancient and medieval Odisha.

Keywords: Devadasi, culture, prostitution, temple, courtesan.

Bhuyan, R., & Pradhan, S. (2023). History of Devadasi in Odisha: Special Reference to Sacred Prostitution. Journal of History, Archaeology and Architecture, 2: 2, pp. 197-205.

Parvatadwarak: An Ancient Historic Site of Kalahandi

By :-Gitanjali Routa
Journal of History, Archaeology and Architecture, Year:2023, Vol.2 (2), PP.207-218
Received:14 October 2023 | Revised:10 November 2023 | Accepted :16 November 2023 | Publication:30 November 2023

Paravatadwaraka which is identified with Asurgarh-Narla of modern Kalahandi destrict is a significabt historical site of Kalahandi, Odisha.It maintained its status in bygone days from 6th century B.C.E to 6th C.E. The site was first reported by S.N.Rajguruin 1946 C.E. It comprises the fort and habitaitonal area or civil township.It is a fort area having four mammoth walls., surrounded by moat on three sides(east, north and south) and on west side river Sandol is flourishing. A great water reservoir named Asurasagar on east side and a water tank known as Rahdasagar is on south-west side..After published the report of S.N.Rajaguru, the site had taken for excavation in 1973 under N.K.Sahu on behalf of Sambalpur University. They had taken two trial trenches. Form the excavation they recovered a large brick structure of Goddess Stambheswari Temple, palace presently indistinct, some precious and semi-precious stone beads, some iron objectsred slipped ware etc.All this suggests about the existence of ruling class, and metropolitan status of the site.

Keywords: Excavation, Stambheswari, Metropolitan, Mammoth, Habitation, Beads.

Routa, G. (2023). Parvatadwarak: An Ancient Historic Site of Kalahandi. Journal of History, Archaeology and Architecture, 2: 2, pp. 207-218.

Exploration of Buddhist Remains in Shivpuri: A Review

By :-Poonam Dwivedi
Journal of History, Archaeology and Architecture, Year:2023, Vol.2 (2), PP.219-226
Received:31 July 2023 | Revised:27 August 2023 | Accepted :06 September 2023 | Publication:30 November 2023

Exploring archaeological remains of religious antiques is a cumbersome process, particularly in far-flung areas. Shivpuri is in recent times had been national cognizance over the exploration of new archaeological remains from the last two decades. The place is said to be in having abundance of past remains of human habitation, religious symbols, sculptures, inscriptions, coins etc. In the recent studies, many historical and archaeological remains have been discovered by ASI, ASI (M.P.), and Cunningham etc. However enough exploration had not taken in this place despite having rich heritage. In the present study, a review of recent finding is discussed as well as past in order to enlighten archaeological remains in Shivpuri particularly of Buddhist remains. The study will highlight significance further explorations.

Keywords: Buddhist sites, Shivpuri, Stupas, Trade.

Dwivedi, P. (2023). Exploration of Buddhist Remains in Shivpuri: A Review. Journal of History, Archaeology and Architecture, 2: 2, pp. 219-226.

A Study on the Factors and the Implementation of the Zamindari System: Administration in Madras Presidency, British India

By :-S. Shenbagavalli
Journal of History, Archaeology and Architecture, Year:2023, Vol.2 (2), PP.227-237
Received:13 August 2023 | Revised:16 September 2023 | Accepted :04 October 2023 | Publication:30 November 2023

Madras Presidency was a center of different systems of land revenue and occupies a unique place in the land revenue history of India. The land revenue settlements had a synthesis of various conflicting forces and circumstances. Every new dynasty contributed its own distinct character in the land revenue collection. It marked the beginning of many a new and unexpected experiment and speculation which, mostly were a mere leap in the dark. Systems like amani, zamindari, village lease, poligar and ryotwari were tried and the region after much trial and tribulation chose the last as a last resort for its survival. The institution of zamindari system existed from the Muslim period, but it grew rapidly during the British regime when the colonial government introduced the new zamindari system by the introduction of permanent revenue settlementin 1802.

While many researchers have focused on land revenue system that existed during the British rule, the study on the history of zamindaris in particular has remained an unexplored area. The zamindars as an aristocratic class were created by the British and the system faced its failure and was abolished as soon as the British granted independence. The circumstances that led to the introduction of the zamindari system with special reference to Madras Presidency and the ways by which it was implemented are analysed in this article.

Keywords: Poligars, Ryots, Ryotwari, Zamindari, Board of Revenue,Regulation.

Shenbagavalli, S. (2023). A Study on the Factors and the Implementation of the Zamindari System: Administration in Madras Presidency, British India. Journal of History, Archaeology and Architecture, 2: 2, pp. 227-237.

Bimbisar and Shrenik: Connecting Mainstream and Jain History

By :-Hemali Sanghavi
Journal of History, Archaeology and Architecture, Year:2023, Vol.2 (2), PP.239-241
Received:19 August 2023 | Revised:26 September 2023 | Accepted :14 October 2023 | Publication:30 November 2023

The characters of Bimbisar and Shrenik have created confusion for the historical researchers. It is a matter of importance in Indian historiography. Mainstream history and religious history have been running parallels in Indian context. The amalgamation of these trends needs to be done. Different challenges are faced in this exercise. The present paper is attempting to bridge this gap.

Ancient Indian historiography is influenced by different trends and ideologies. Nationalist historiography focuses on the glorious ethos of the Indian past. Oriental scholars studied and connected religious sources in the history of Ancient India. However, due to the existence of different calendars and eras in ancient India, it becomes difficult to co-relate and identify personalities in the mainstream and Jain history. The revival of interest in the field of the Jain studies has resulted in the exploration of many such Jain narratives in the historical context.

The story of Shrenik has been described in the Jain Agamic texts. His story is also found in the Buddhist texts. He lived during the time of Mahavira. However, this story is not getting related to the typical ancient Indian history. The present study takes up these two narratives and looks at connections and commonalities. It focuses on the critical review of the relevant study material and sources. The archaeological and literary sources will be revisited.

Keywords: Jainism, History of Jainism, Shrenik, Bimbisar, Ancient India, Buddhism

Sanghavi, H. (2023). Bimbisar and Shrenik: Connecting Mainstream and Jain History. Journal of History, Archaeology and Architecture, 2: 2, pp. 239-241.

Remnants of Primaeval Forests in Some Parts of Uttar Pradesh

By :-Nalini Singh
Journal of History, Archaeology and Architecture, Year:2023, Vol.2 (2), PP.243-253
Received:19 September 2023 | Revised:11 October 2023 | Accepted :28 October 2023 | Publication:30 November 2023

The present paper is an attempt to trace the forests, its flora and fauna that existed since ancient times in the different regions of Uttar Pradesh and which still has its remnants in the terai region and hilly tracts of Mirzapur. The paper looks into the significance of forests for the landed magnates and marginal castes of the region. Both the dominant and lower castes and tribes seem to have enjoyed the natural resources of the forests without discrimination in the pre-colonial era. The history of zamindars and their private domain in the forests is interesting to know how the old primaeval forests were carefully preserved by the zamindars of central and eastern Uttar Pradesh popularly known as Awadh and Allahabad since Mughal times. However, since the colonial period, we not only found that the large scale of forests were ordered to cut down for cultivation, but forests were reserved to protect timber for commercial purposes. Consequently, the pre-colonial privileges of all the castes and tribes in the forests were suppressed by the British forest laws. The study of the history of gradual depletion of forests, its flora and fauna and its impact on the livelihood of many in the regions of Uttar Pradesh has been studied with the help of Persian sources, English records, Forest Survey of India report and secondary data.

Keywords: Primaeval Forests, Jungle, Mud forts, Zamindars, Awadh, Terai

Singh, N. (2023). Remnants of Primaeval Forests in Some Parts of Uttar Pradesh. Journal of History, Archaeology and Architecture, 2: 2, pp. 243-253.

Buddhist Art in the Upper Beas and Sutlej Valleys

By :-Savita Kumari
Journal of History, Archaeology and Architecture, Year:2023, Vol.2 (2), PP.255-259
Received:22 October 2023 | Revised:11 November 2023 | Accepted :18 November 2023 | Publication:30 November 2023

Buddhism had flourished in the Upper Beas and Sutlej valleys from the very beginning. The followers of Buddhism were sent to this region to preach the teachings of Buddha by Ashok, the great ruler of Mauryan dynasty, who himself was the staunch follower of Buddhism. Accounts of Hiuen Tsang say that Buddha himself visited this region and Aśoka, a Mauryan emperor, built a stupa in the middle of the Kulūta state. We find many evidences which prove that this sect flourished in this region in ninth-tenth centuries CE. The accounts of Chinese traveler Hiuen-Tsang and archaeological evidences also indicate the presence of Buddhism in this remote area. In the present paper, the researcher tried to throw light on the growth and development of Buddhism in this remote region through the study of sculptural art of this sect. The paper is the outcome and based on the field surveys done in the study area and by carefully studying the available photographs. In this research paper descriptive research is done on the available archaeological evidences based on the vital information provided in the accounts of Hiuen Tsang.

Keywords: Art, Beas, Buddha,Buddhism, mudrā, padmāsana, Sutlej.

Kumari, S. (2023). Buddhist Art in the Upper Beas and Sutlej Valleys. Journal of History, Archaeology and Architecture, 2: 2, pp. 255-259.

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