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Pattadakal,is a small village inBagalkot district, Karnataka located near the northern bank of Mālaprbhā River a tributary of Krishna River. Human activities began in Pattadakal from the Prehistoric period onwards. It became the unique center of temple models inthe seventh CE, during the period of early Chalukya. Pattadakal is also called Pattadakall̍u or Raktapura means Red City. It is one of the world heritage sites recognized by UNESCO in December 1987. According to UNESCO Pattadakal is “a harmonious blend of architectural forms from northern and southern India”, especially Nagara and Dravida styles of temple construction and it’s also called “the laboratory of Indian temples”. Monuments at Pattadakal are evidence of the cultural interaction between early northern and southern India.

This study focuses mainly on the Nagara-style temples of Pattadakal and the main objective of the study is to document all the Nagara-style temples found on the site of Pattadakal. This research paper gives a detailed idea about the importance of the site and analyzes the Nagara-style temple architecture found in the temples of Pattadakal.

Keywords: Architecture, Chalukyas, Dravida, Nagara style, Pattadakal, Temple, etc…

Human race is a member of Mammalia class and Primate Order. So human is also an animal. But what differs with other animal species is human wisdom. It is only human who can domesticate other animals and use them to fulfill different needs. In hunting/gathering hominid society animals were rich sources of meat, skin, and boan. But artistic and curious human mind kept records of his relationship with animal world through rock paintings from upper Paleolithic era. From different centers of human habitats through Indian Sub-Continent huge amount of animal remains have been discovered by Archeologists. Apart from kitchen waste which highlightsnon-veg food habit of nomadic people, terracotta animal figurines, day to day bone tools, ivory and shell ornaments, artifacts etc. pointed out importance and use of domesticated animals in human life. Animal domestication and husbandry became synonymous with Indian Proto-Historic and Historic civilizations not only economically / militarily but also religious and cultural traditions. Sheep and goats were first domesticated by South Indian Neolithic men around 2 thousand and five hundred B.C. as sources of milk, wool, meat, leather and other commodities. Today’s Indian domestic fowl was originated from red jungle fowl. Seals of Indus civilization were decorated with humped and hump -less bulls, goat, sheep, elephant, fowl. Vedic Aryans husbanded horse, dog, sheep, goat, fowl, elephant, cow-bull etc. During Mauryan era, buffalo was included in the category of dairy cattle.

Domestication of animals is not a new thing in human history. Novelty lies in Indian people’s attention and urge for wellbeing of the domesticated animals. Ancient Indian literatures like Vedas, Charak Samhita, Sushrut Samhita, Harita Samhita, Agni Puran, Mastya Puran, Artha-Shastraetc.provideproper guidance on orientation, construction, purification of animal houses, besides veterinary Ayurvedic and surgical treatment of numerous diseases. In Vedic literature Cow was considered as the measuring unit of wealth. Cow received the status of “Aghnya” [Not to be killed]. Priests were the first veterinarians of ancient India. Prominent among them were Shalihotra [Earliest expert in Horse medicine and author of “Haya Ayurveda”], Palakapya[Author of “Hasty- Ayurveda”] etc. 6th Century B.C. Indian rulers of Sravasti, Kousambi, Lichabi kingdoms issued humped bull/cow inscribed coins. During the Indian invasion of Alexander the Great [326 B.C] a Prince from Punjab presented Cock engraved silver coins as a form of tribute. Arthashastra mentioned King’s duty of ensuring enough pasture land near every village. Gopa was accountable for keeping record of this land. Horse and Elephant were two main war animals of the Muryan army. Proper care was given to them. Hurting/killing of any of these species resulted death penalty.

The third Mauryan Monarch Asoka, after his conversion to Buddhism established vetenary hospitals throughout his domain. Ancient Indians were aware of the technique of animal husbandry as well. In short ancient Indian Veterinary Ayurvedic and surgical treatments are effective in curing dysentery, cough, wound, infertility, different infections besides psychological stress still in the Twenty First Century. Besides terrestrial animals ancient Indian people were aware of the existence of fish, shell, and turtle.

It is my aim in this essay to analyze customs, technologies and history of domestication of animals by ancient Indian people and its socio-economic-scientific applicability in the scenario of Twenty First Century. I will utilize both primary and secondary sources to endure this goal.

Key words- “Atharva Veda”, “Shalihotra”, “Aghnya”, “Gopa”, “Artha-Shastra”

Identity texts in written, spoken, visual, musical and combinations in multimodal from created by students in culturally and linguistically diverse class rooms are shared with multiple audiences’ viz. peers, parents’ teachers etc for positive feedback. Presentation and discussion vis-a-vis transmission social constructivist and transformative approaches to pedagogy result in the affirmation of self in interactions with multiple audiences. In order to address three main influences on education systems viz. linguistic and cultural diversity in the wake of population escalation, recognition of English as the language of economic and social advancement and technological developments facilitating change of global economy from Industrial age to Information age, teachers create interpersonal space for maximum academic development by ensuring optimal cognitive engagement and optimal identity investment on the part of students.

Way back in 1996 to be precise, The New London Group advocated the need to formulate a new pedagogy to serve as literacy pedagogy in tune with the latest contexts of communication and learning viz. linguistic and cultural diversity in the wake of greater population mobility, recognition of English as key to economic and social advancement and technological advancements ushering in Information Age economy. The multimodal and multilingual- the two dimensions of literacies grew in significance. A new pedagogy of multiliteracies was mooted to address the experience of meaning making for negotiating discourse differences.

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The adverse political remark against Goddess Kali that stormed controversy, was just because of lack of proper knowledge of politicians. Goddess Kali still holds a very important role in the lives of people living in eastern India. The history of Goddess Kali is very old and it has its evidence since the time of Harappan civilization.To know more about Goddess Kali we have to look the chronology of the evolution of the residents of eastern part of the country, earlier known as Greater Banga,from the pre-historic age we could easily observed how the Tantra and Sankhya philosophy introduced the religion in the daily life among the local inhabitants. It should be remembered here that this religion or the acceptance of religious belief in daily life was prevalent at that time. But such religious belief or custom was more prevalent in Harappan Civilization than before.It has been proved that the ancestors of Greater Banga were the Harappans and so it has already been established archaeologically that Goddess Kali is the transformation of the Nature-mother-deity once worshipped by the Harappan people. The idols/sculptures of mother-deities recovered from archaeological excavations are said to be transformed into the present idol of Maa Kali. Here we are discussing the theory of Kali on the basis of archaeological evidence and proper historical validity in this writing. Mother Kali is the protector of the people living in this region, a very ancient belief that continues till the date that the Bengali community, whose sizable presence is available in the Eastern part of the country, has been defined by the name of Goddess Kali.

The Chambal River Ancient Name “Charmanvati” is an important River in India. The Chambal is the life line of MadhayPardesh & Rajasthan. Chambal river is rising on Janapava Hills is Indore District (M.P.) , Chamnbal river is total Course as 961 K.M. severl Tributaries Join the Chambal and Chambal take shape major River Valley , Chambal meeting Yumana river in Phanchade is Etawa district in (U.P.). The total drainage area of Chambal is 1,43,20959 sq.km. In the present research paper Studies of Pleistocene environment is the base of stratigraphy of Chambal his tributaries, gravels deposit, prehistoric culture, faunal material, Rock painting of animals, animal fossils, Ostrich egg shells. 42 Ostrich egg shell sites discovered in all over India & 31 ostrich shell sites situated in the Chambal River Valley.